Wikipedia is a lot more than its most common use as a repository of basic information about famous people, historical events, and obscure terms. Its editors and writers must attempt to answer questions that have confounded history’s greatest philosophers, like “What is ‘happiness,” all while accounting for input from the entire world.
If thousands of years of philosophy have failed to come up with conclusive definitions, can we expect a bunch of random people on the internet to do any better?
The earliest Wikipedia page on “happiness,” from January 2003 suggests that we cannot. It read, in full:
Happiness is the state of being happy.
This is the kind of empty statement that will get you thrown out of Philosophy 101. Today, however, the definition is much more thoughtful and nuanced, and serves as an introduction to theories of happiness, providing links to other relevant Wikipedia pages:
Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. Happy mental states may also reflect judgements by a person about their overall well-being. A variety of biological, psychological, economic, religious and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including positive psychology and happiness economics are employing the scientific method to research questions about what “happiness” is, and how it might be attained.
The most amazing thing about the entry is not how useful or detailed it is, however, but how it came to be. This Wikipedia definition is the result of nearly 6,000 edits by over 3,000 users (including some bots) to the page. In this way, Wikipedia understands something that most philosophers after Socrates didn’t—definitions are not static, and cannot be perfected and finalized. They must be constantly challenged, updated, reverted, and discussed. Wikipedia is like a Socratic dialogue on a massive scale.
To understand how the definition of an essential but abstract concept went from a throwaway truism to a carefully worded introduction, I downloaded, read, and analyzed all of the Wikipedia revisions on “happiness” over the course of 14 years. The journey is not pretty—the page endures a continuous barrage of hate speech, vandalism, assertions that happiness is not real, or more sorrowfully, that it is unknown to the person making the edit. This reveals that the process of defining something like “happiness” is even more important than the definition itself.
“Happiness” at a glance
Of the close to 6,000 revisions of the “happiness” page, only a handful are meaningful changes to the introductory paragraph, which is responsible for briefly defining the concept. The rest are either changes to other parts of the page or what could broadly be called “vandalism”—everything from putting ”happiness is Kayla” to replacing the whole article with the word “eggs” repeated over and over.
User: 79.72.233.140, Wednesday October 31, 2007
In his book Authentic Happiness [[Martin Seligman]], one of the founders of [[Positive psychology]], describes happiness as consisting of both [[positive emotions]] (such as ecstasy and comfort) and [[positive activities]] (such as absorption and engagement). He presents three categories of positive emotions related to the past, present and future.eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs eggs…
Relative to other pages, “happiness” is on the high end in terms of the number of times it’s been edited. It is a bit outside the 1,000 most-edited articles, which have tens of thousands of edits. The overall average for Wikipedia is in the low hundreds. “Happiness” has about the same number of edits as “love” and “Alan Turing,” many more than “sadness” and “Kublai Khan,” and quite a bit fewer than “World War II.” In terms of traffic, the page is viewed on par with similar concepts, and also with somewhat obscure but still quite famous people (I have added philosopher of happiness Amartya Sen for comparison).
The evolution of a definition
From its original statement that “happiness is the state of being happy,” the definition plods forward slowly. By 2006, around the 700th revision, Wikipedians monitoring the happiness page were battling near-daily vandalism to preserve a definition only slightly more developed than that one. The only meaningful additions at this point are a list of feelings associated with happiness, and a list of feelings not associated with it.
User: Magister Mathematicae, Tuesday May 16, 2006
Is when death happens, w00t!!!!Happiness is a prolonged or lasting [[emotion]]al or affective state that feels good or pleasing. Overlapping states or experiences associated with happiness include wellbeing, joy, [[sexual pleasure]], delight, health, safety and [[love]], while contrasting ones include [[suffering]], [[sadness]], [[grief]], and [[pain]].
The vandalism includes obvious stuff like “when death happens, woot!!!!” (see above), cursing, general immaturity, and biased attempts at promoting some philosopher or another. But there is also just truly unique oddness, like this rant:
User: Leftoverbacon22, Saturday June 16, 2007
Happiness or glad is an [[emotion]]al or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. As a st. What makes me happy? good question. Happiness doesnot grow on trees, Instead it grows on meatbnalls and aspercreame. thats right bud just lick your meatball and add the aspercreame to painful area! thates and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This refll! OUR JINGLE! “happyness is just around the carner! hey now hey now hear what i say now hammy is there for you! dododododoododododoodododododododo lick your meat bakll lectts the universal importance that humans place on happiness.have a good time so if you like to par-tay come on and get out the creame for you….’you bet if its aspercream’!” HAmmY♥
It’s not all juvenile, though. A sort of ideological war begins in Oct. 2007, between editors with different ideas about which school of thought should be considered most important on the subject of happiness. Within just three edits, the page starts out with the Greek concept of eudaimonia (usually translated as “flourishing”); then it changes to the Buddhist “eightfold path“; and finally, to biological measures of well-being. This is one of the earliest instances of further disagreements over how “scientific” the happiness page should be—whether it should emphasize philosophical and religious definitions or more quantitative ones.
Again, this ideological back-and-forth happens on top of tremendous amounts of vandalism. And this was 2007, the peak of the internet’s hateful gay jokes era.
User: 164.116.232.78, Thursday October 11, 2007
Western society takes its concept of happiness, at least in part, from the Greek concept of [[Eudaimonia]], which was introduced by [[Aristotle]], treating the pursuit of Eudaimonia, as a single dominant aim. Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word commonly translated as ‘happiness’. Etymologically, it consists of the word “eu” (“good” or “well being”) and “daimōn” (“spirit” or “minor deity”, used by extension to mean one’s lot or fortune).Happy, means gay,,.,., ,gay means queer
The reintroduction of a broad definition, unconnected to some particular school of thought, finally happens in November, 2007.
User: Kablammo, Saturday November 3, 2007
Happiness is an emotion in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to bliss and intense joy.
Refining the crowd
At this point, over four years in, the definition is still sorely lacking. Aside from a lot of stuff about sex, though, something interesting starts to happen around this time. Instead of just undoing vandalism, the definition starts to get contributions that are well-intentioned, but not very useful. This kind of thing is harder for an editor to feel confident reversing than “eggs eggs eggs eggs.”
A good example is this addition from early 2008, which basically does a poor job of saying ”happiness cannot be defined” with unnecessarily fancy vocabulary, misspelling many words along the way.
User: 69.92.244.173, Friday January 4, 2008
Happiness is an emotion in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to bliss and intense joy. This definition is, however, a synoymous one. A more clarified one is almost impossible to concieve due to the capacity by which a human can allocate the correct words into an appropriate and meritable sentence that would describe happiness.
This odd, fatalistic addition sticks around for months. It is taken seriously enough that its misspelling of “synonymous” is fixed a couple weeks later. Yet another empty statement is appended to it after a few months.
User: Jmez022, Thursday April 24, 2008
Happiness is [[emotion]] in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to [[bliss]] and intense [[joy]]. This definition is, however, a synonymous one rather than one based on analytic evaluation, because of the varied and elusive nature of happiness. Things that one may like will create happiness in oneself.
It is at points like these that Wikipedia’s model of ever-changing, Socratic definitions shows both its strengths and weaknesses. The new additions have made the definition worse. It is now confusing, unclear, and mostly serves to reject any definition at all. If the page had been written by a one intelligent person, it’s likely these additions wouldn’t have been included.
But because the definition is dynamic, no mistake is permanent. Progress finally comes from the user DoctorW, whose username, he says on his Wikipedia page, “references his PhD in developmental psychology.” DoctorW has made over 20 significant edits to the Happiness page. He deletes the throwaway sentence about “activities and objects one may enjoy,” and reduces the importance of the “synonymous” line by putting it parentheses. DoctorW also explains his actions by commenting on the change, “Removed statement which adds nothing.”
User: DoctorW, Tuesday April 29, 2008
Happiness is [[emotion]] in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to [[bliss]] and intense [[joy]]. (This definition is, however, a synonymous one rather than one based on analytic evaluation, because of the varied and elusive nature of happiness. Activities or objects that one may enjoy will create happiness in oneself.)
The throwaway statement, as well as the claim that happiness is also called “felicity,” is excised at the end of May by another user. “Got rid of some clutter in the intro,” he explains.
User: Jcbutler, Friday May 30, 2008
Happiness (also called felicity) is an [[emotion]] in which one experiencesis an [[emotion]] associated with feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to [[bliss]] and intense [[joy]]. (This definition is, however, a synonymous one rather than one based on analytic evaluation, because of the varied and elusive nature of happiness.)
Outright vandalism is easily reverted in a matter of minutes, but it takes months and an expert Wikipedian like DoctorW to remove one not-great line. This is part of what makes defining a subjective concept like “happiness” on Wikipedia more like a Socratic dialogue, and less like one person writing it alone. Many of Socrates’ debates end with total confusion—nobody really knows what to think about “virtue” or “piety” or whatever is being discussed. That is, the result may not be authoritative, but it does incorporate the views of everyone involved. The line about a “synonymous definition” did have a point to make, and the point was convincing for a while.
Love and Wikipedia
A definition of “happiness” should not list examples of things that make people happy, but must say what all of these examples have in common. That said, it is essential to keep the examples in mind when thinking about what the general definition is. This is something that Wikipedia does better than any other resource in history, because in addition to editors fine-tuning the definition, the revisions show people sharing their experiences of the concept itself.
This is especially true on the “happiness” page, which is full of examples of people actually declaring to the world what actually makes them happy. Many of these are childish.
User: 65.164.169.5, Wednesday June 14, 2006
Happiness is a prolonged or lasting [[emotion]]al or affective state that feels good or pleasing. Overlapping states or experiences associated with happiness include wellbeing, joy, [[sexual pleasure]], delight, health, safety and [[love]], while contrasting ones include [[suffering]], [[sadness]], [[grief]], and [[pain]].Happiness also happens when you are high. If you want to be happy, smoke pot
But others are heartfelt, with Wikipedia serving as a kind of last-resort attempt to publicize one’s feelings. There are many more like the declaration above that “happiness is Kayla.”
It may be an expression of love.
User: 24.231.230.177, Monday May 14, 2007
Happiness is an [[emotion]]al or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This reflects the universal importance that humans place on happiness.APPI NESS IS A FUNNY WAY OF TELLING NICOLEMAPES YOU LOVE HER
An affirmation of a relationship.
User: 139.230.245.20, Monday May 28, 2007
Happiness or glad is an [[emotion]]al or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This reflects the universal importance that humans place on happiness.is Josh and Me together forever!{{otheruses}}
A political stance.
User: 67.85.160.149, Wednesday October 10, 2007
Bold textStates associated with happiness include well-being, delight, [[inner peace]], [[health]], safety, contentment, and love. Contrasting states include [[suffering]], [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[grief]], [[anxiety]], and [[Pain and nociception|pain]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}} English should be the official language of America. That would make me happy.
A declaration of religious dedication.
User: 72.185.80.40, Monday October 1, 2007
Happiness iIs an [[emotion]]al or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment, pleasure, and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This reflects the universal importance that humans place on happiness.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}Following the Lord Our God, and showing his Love to The World. Doing something for his glory selflessly. Knowing we will be spending Eternity with Him as Christians.
Or the fear of losing happiness.
User: 68.81.202.254, Tuesday October 9, 2007
Happiness is an [[emotion]]al or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment, pleasure, and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This reflects the universal importance that humans place on happiness. In recorded history, the most happiness anyone has ever had, was Kevin McCaffery when he was with Aleksandra Chertova. In contrast, when he was without her he was the saddest he had ever been.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
Reading through the revisions, it can be hard to see such feelings deleted and replaced with impersonal abstractions like ”well-being” and ”contentment.” Yet these examples inform the abstraction, and sometimes make their way in. On September 16, 2009, one Wikipedia user decides that “love” should be included in the list of feelings that make someone happy, and it remains for a year and a half.
User: 70.129.70.254, Wednesday September 16, 2009
Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment,love, satisfaction, pleasure, or [[joy]]. A variety of [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[Religion|religious]], [[Psychology|psychological]] and [[Biology|biological]] approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.
From definition to introduction
Finally, in October 2008, we get the main feature of the current introductory paragraph: It is not so much an attempt to conclusively define “happiness” as it is a reference point for various fields of study that have something to say about the concept.
User: Horselover Frost, Thursday October 16, 2008
Happiness does not exist and is not possible. is an [[emotion]] associated with feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to [[bliss]] and intense [[joy]]. A variety of [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[Religion|religious]], [[Psychology|psychological]] and [[Biology|biological]] approaches have been taken to defining happiness and identifying its sources.
There is then a prolonged period of derailments about, but not limited to, drugs, sex, “your mom,” cheese, “gay homo life,” Melissa, “CHOCOLATE!!!,” God, The Beatles, “Bryan” who is “amazing at life while david sucks,” and “Maria Smith,” as well as the assertion that “Happiness does not exist and there is only pain in the world.”
In the eight years since that change, there are really only four significant changes made to the definition. The first is part of the science-versus-philosophy debate mentioned earlier—an editor rearranges the fields of study because, as he or she says on the article’s discussion page, “There was too much emphasis on religion in the previous structure of the article and not enough focus on the scientific composition of happiness itself.” (Of course, this decision can be challenged.)
User: The13thzen, Monday February 22, 2010
Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, or [[joy]]. A variety of [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[Religion|religious]], [[Psychology|psychological]] and [[Biology|biologBiology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Religion|religious]], and [[Philosophy|philosophical]] approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.
Next, a year later, another editor removes the list of happy feelings, replacing them with just “positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.”
User: Sisyphustkd, Thursday February 24, 2011
Happiness is a mental state of mind or feelwell-being characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, orpositive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of [[Biology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Religion|religious]], and [[Philosophy|philosophical]] approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.
After another year, references to psychological and scientific means of understanding happiness are added.
User: Portillo, Saturday July 28, 2012
Happiness is a mental or emotional state of [[well-being]] characterized by positive or [[pleasant]] emotions ranging from [[contentment]] to intense joy. A variety of [[Biology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Religion|religious]], and [[Philosophy|philosophical]] approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including [[Positive psychology]], endeavor to apply the [[scientific method]] to answer questions about what “happiness” is, and how we might attain it.
Finally, references to happiness as well-being and the field of happiness economics were added last year.
User: Pa68, Sunday May 8, 2016
Happiness is a mental or emotional state of [[well-being]] defined by positive or [[pleasant]] emotions ranging from [[contentment]] to intense joy. Happy mental states may also reflect judgements by a person about their overall wellbeing. A variety of [[Biology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Economics|economic]], [[Religion|religious]] and [[Philosophy|philosophical]] approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including [[positive psychology]], and [[happiness economics]] are employing the [[scientific method]] to research questions about what “happiness” is, and how it might be attained.
And that is the definition as it stands today. The page continues to be dynamic, but the introduction has not changed in nearly a year. That is in no small part because the page was given “semi-protected” status in 2011, which makes it impossible for unregistered or unconfirmed users from changing it. (Socrates would probably have approved of that, as he only ever argued with fellow aristocrats, and in The Republic, Plato warns against the dangers of giving the masses too much power.)
There is no abstract definition that can perfectly capture what happiness is to all people, all the time. The closest thing I’ve seen, though, is the full history of this Wikipedia page leading up its current point. It contains both vigilant efforts to succinctly characterize the concept in the face of vandalism, but also people telling us why they are happy, what would make them happy, and even that they think happiness is a useless concept. The real definition isn’t gleaned from the resulting entry, but instead the process.