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US and European health officials questioned the UK’s early vaccine authorization. Politicians and regulators raised a collective eyebrow after the UK became the first country to green light the Pfizer/BioNTech shot. In the US, which continues to set records for deaths and hospitalizations, leading expert Anthony Fauci said a more deliberate authorization process would give the public more confidence in the vaccine.
Pro-democracy Hong Kong activist Ted Hui went into exile. The former politician said he would move to Britain after he and his family left the city. Meanwhile, the US placed new visa restrictions on members of the Chinese Communist Party and their families, ratcheting up tensions in the waning days of president Donald Trump’s administration.
Boeing found its first post-crash 737 Max buyer. Irish discount carrier Ryanair agreed to buy 75 of the troubled jets, making it the first airline to place a new order since US regulators cleared the plane to fly again. The deal is a much-needed win for Boeing, which has seen 10% of its outstanding Max orders canceled.
JD.com’s logistics arm is preparing an IPO. The highly anticipated filing could raise as much as $3 billion next year for the supply and shipping wing of China’s second largest e-commerce platform. It follows JD Health, another branch of the company, which raised $3.5 billion in a separate IPO this week. JD.com raised $4.5 billion from a secondary listing in Hong Kong in June.
China’s lunar lander is on its way back to Earth. The Chang’e-5 lander is now orbiting around the moon. Soon it will link up with a rocket that will carry it home, along with its precious cargo of rocks scraped from a lunar lava plain.
Charting everyone’s favorite holiday song
Mariah Carey’s “All I Want for Christmas is You” cannot be stopped. Already one of the most popular songs of all time, and the source of more than $60 million in royalties for Carey, the song appears to be more popular than ever in 2020.
The success of “All I Want for Christmas is You” is even more remarkable given the large decline in Spotify streams for the platform’s biggest hits. Dan Kopf unpacks this annual gift from Mariah to us.
Mute problems are universal
“Chip, I think you’re on mute,” Harmit Singh, CFO of Levi’s, told the company’s CEO, Chip Bergh, on an Oct. 6 call. “I’m on mute, yes,” Bergh replied. “You would think after doing this for seven months, I would figure out the mute button.”
Maybe Bergh can take comfort from the fact that he isn’t alone. Mentions of “on mute” by executives and analysts have spiked since the pandemic began earlier this year. Marc Bain has rounded up some of the best quotes from executives who can’t quite figure it out.
✦ Hi, can you hear us? Oh sorry, we were on mute. We were just saying we wanted you to sign up for a seven-day free membership trial.
You asked about herd immunity through vaccines
When could we get herd immunity via Covid-19 vaccines? Or, in other words, how many people need to be vaccinated for life to go back to normal?
Ah normalcy! That elusive goal. We can achieve herd immunity when enough people are protected from a virus (in this case, by a vaccine) that they prevent the spread of it to those who aren’t protected. To reach herd immunity, we need to consider two factors:
First, we need to know how well Covid-19 vaccines can prevent virus transmission. From phase 3 clinical trials so far, we’ve learned that vaccines have a range of efficacy against Covid-19—the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. What we don’t know is how well they prevent the virus from being spread. Because antibodies generated via vaccines prevent the virus from replicating, we can expect that vaccines should decrease the chances that someone who is vaccinated could pass it on to someone else—but we still need more clarity.
Second, we need to know vaccines’ real-world effectiveness. This is likely going to be lower than clinical trial efficacy because, well, life isn’t a perfectly controlled clinical trial. Some people may not get both their doses, or have optimal timing in between, which will affect how well they’re protected. The lower the effectiveness of a vaccine, the more people need to be vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity.
Scientists estimate that each person with SARS-CoV-2 can infect two to three people. If vaccines can prevent transmission, and if their effectiveness is close to their clinical trial efficacy, that means herd immunity will likely be achieved when 60% to 70% of people in a community are vaccinated. If effectiveness is less, or if the vaccine still allows some transmission, vaccination rates will have to be higher.
Surprising discoveries
Ireland’s travel restrictions have a notable exemption. Santa Claus has been cleared to enter the country without a visa, Covid test, or quarantine.
The winning numbers in a lottery were 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. South Africa’s lottery commission is now looking into the improbable sequence.
Egypt launched a large-scale investigation of a model’s photo shoot. Salma El-Shimy was arrested for posing near a pyramid in Giza.
An Australian woman found a koala in her Christmas tree. The marsupial had nestled itself gently among the ornaments.
A third monolith appeared in California. It feels like there should be some sort of point to it all by now.
Our best wishes for a productive day. Please send any news, comments, winning lotto numbers, and cute koala pictures to hi@qz.com. Get the most out of Quartz by downloading our iOS app and becoming a member. Today’s Daily Brief was brought to you by Dan Kopf, Katherine Ellen Foley, Susan Howson, and Nicolás Rivero.